Le parcours du pétrole du puits à la pompe

A | L’extraction
B | Le transport
jusqu’à la raffinerie
C | Le raffinage
D | L’acheminement au
dépôt et l’amélioration
E | L’acheminement
à la station-service

Faites défiler l'animation vers le bas avec votre souris, en cliquant sur la flèche ou sur les titres A B C D E

Faites apparaître des informations supplémentaires , des photos et rejouez l'extraction du pétrole

Faites défiler vers le bas, et cliquez sur les bulles pour faire apparaître plus d'informations , des photos , et rejouez l'extraction du pétrole

Que le gisement soit situé à terre ou en mer, le schéma est le même : une fois que l’exploration a révélé la présence d’hydrocarbures, on commence par forer des puits. Puis la plateforme de production est mise en place.

Les gisements d’hydrocarbures sont généralement enfouis dans des couches géologiques profondes, difficiles à atteindre et à sonder.

Appareil de forage onshore de Fort Worth, Texas, Etats-Unis.
Appareil de forage onshore de Fort Worth, Texas, Etats-Unis.

Plateforme offshore dans la Mahakam (Indonésie)
Plateforme offshore dans la Mahakam (Indonésie)
Plateforme offshore dans la Mahakam (Indonésie)

Le pétrole extrait sera ensuite acheminé par oléoduc vers une raffinerie.

Dans le cas d’une production en mer, le pétrole est dans un premier temps stocké sur place, avant d’être acheminé par bateau ou oléoduc vers l’usine où il sera raffiné.

Le raffinage du pétrole brut permet de transformer cette matière première en produits commercialisables : essence, diesel et GPL pour l’automobile, kérosène pour l’aviation, fioul pour le chauffage, bitume pour les routes, et d’autres encore.

Raffinerie d'Anvers, Belgique.
Raffinerie d'Anvers, Belgique.
Raffinerie d'Anvers, Belgique.

Le brut est chauffé dans un four et envoyé dans une colonne de distillation. Grâce à la différence de température d'ébullition des divers composants, on recueille de haut en bas des produits légers (GPL, essences), intermédiaires (diesel), et lourds (fioul).

On obtient plus de produits lourds que le marché n'en consomme. On casse alors les molécules des hydrocarbures lourds pour obtenir des produits plus légers, comme par exemple le diesel, très demandé en Europe.

Ensuite, les différents produits issus du raffinage sont améliorés pour répondre aux exigences réglementaires, mais aussi pour réduire leur impact sur l’environnement : c’est notamment l’étape où le soufre est éliminé.

Puis les produits sont acheminés de la raffinerie au dépôt par camion-citerne, train, pipeline, ou bateau.

Les carburants destinés aux stations-service du réseau Total reçoivent des produits additifs destinés à améliorer leurs performances. C’est cet ajout d’additifs qui fait la différence en termes de qualité et de performance, en réduisant la consommation des véhicules et les émissions de CO ₂ .

C’est au sein des dépôts que l’on incorpore des biocarburants aux carburants classiques, quand la réglementation le prévoit. Pour le diesel, cette étape est réalisée directement en raffinerie.

Désormais, les carburants sont prêts à être utilisés dans les véhicules. Ils sont chargés dans des camions-citernes qui iront directement approvisionner les stations-service alentour.

En station, le camion transfère les carburants dans des cuves de stockage souterraines, directement reliées aux pompes à essence. Vous pouvez faire le plein !

Station-service d'Aurach en Allemagne.
Station-service las Piñas à Manille.

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